Employees work at a wire harness and cable assembly manufacturing company that exports to the U.S., in Ciudad Juarez, Mexico.
The humble wire harness, a cheap component that bundles cables together, has become an unlikely scourge of the auto industry. Some predict it could hasten the downfall of combustion-engine cars.
Supplies of the part were choked by the war in Ukraine, which is home to a significant amount of the world's production, with wire harnesses made there fitted in hundreds of thousands of new vehicles every year.
These low-tech and low-margin parts -- made from wire, plastic and rubber with lots of low-cost manual labor -- may not command the headlines of microchips and motors, yet cars cannot be built without them.
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The supply crunch could accelerate the plans of some legacy automakers to switch to a new generation of lighter, machine-made harnesses designed for electric vehicles, according to interviews with more than a dozen industry players and experts.
"This is just one more rationale for the industry to make the transition to electric quicker," said Sam Fiorani, head of production forecasting firm AutoForecast Solutions.
Gasoline cars still account for the bulk of new car sales globally; EVs doubled to 4 million last year, but still only comprised 6 percent of vehicle sales, according to data from JATO Dynamics.
Nissan CEO Makoto Uchida told Reuters that supply-chain disruptions such as the Ukraine crisis had prompted his company to talk to suppliers about shifting away from the cheap-labor wire harness model.
In the immediate term, though, automakers and suppliers have shifted harness production to other lower-cost countries.
Mercedes-Benz was able to fly in harnesses from Mexico to plug a brief supply gap, according to a person familiar with its operations.
Some Japanese suppliers are adding capacity in Morocco, while others have sought new production lines in countries including Tunisia, Poland, Serbia and Romania.
Harnesses for fossil-fuel cars bundle together cables stretching up to 5 km (3.1 miles) in the average vehicle, connecting everything from seat heaters to windows.
They are labor-intensive to make, and almost every model's is unique, so shifting production is hard to do quickly.
The supply disruptions in Ukraine were a rude awakening for the auto industry. Automakers and suppliers said that early in the war, plants remained open only thanks to the determination of workers there, who kept a reduced flow of parts moving in the face of power cuts, air-raid warnings and curfews.
Adrian Hallmark, CEO of Bentley, said the British ultraluxury brand had initially feared losing 30-40 percent of its car production for 2022 due to a harness shortage.
"The Ukraine crisis threatened to close our factory fully for several months, much longer than we did for COVID."
Hallmark said finding alternative production sources was complicated by the fact the conventional harnesses themselves had 10 different parts from 10 different suppliers in Ukraine.
He added that the supply problems had sharpened Bentley's focus and investment on developing a simple harness for EVs that will be run by a central computer.
The brand, a unit of Volkswagen Group, plans an all-electric lineup by 2030.
"The Tesla model, which is a completely different concept of wiring, we could not change to that overnight," Hallmark added. "It's a fundamental change in the way that we design cars."
The new generation of wire harnesses, used by electric experts such as Tesla, can be made in sections on automated production lines and are lighter, a key factor because reducing an EV's weight is crucial for extending range.
Many of the executives and experts interviewed said fossil-fuel cars, which face looming bans in Europe and China, would not be around long enough to justify redesigns to allow them to use next-generation harnesses.
"I would not put a penny into internal combustion engines now," said Michigan-based auto consultant Sandy Munro, who estimates EVs will make up half of global new car sales by 2028. "The future is coming up awful fast."
Walter Glück, head of Leoni's harness business, said the supplier was working with automakers on new, automated solutions for wire harnesses in EVs.
Leoni is focusing on zonal or modular harnesses, which would be split into six to eight parts, short enough for automation in assembly and reducing complexity.
"It's a change of paradigm," Glück said. "If you want to reduce production time in your car factory, a modular wire harness helps."
Among automakers, BMW is also looking at using modular wire harnesses, requiring fewer semiconductors and less cable, which would save space and make them lighter, according to a person with knowledge of the matter.
The person, who declined to be named as they not authorized to speak publicly, said the new harnesses would also make it easier to upgrade vehicles wirelessly - an area Tesla now dominates.
CelLink, a Californian-based startup, has developed an entirely automated, flat and easy-to-install "flex harness," and raised $250 million earlier this year from companies including BMW and suppliers Lear and Robert Bosch.
CEO Kevin Coakley would not identify customers but said CelLink's harnesses had been installed in close to a million EVs.
Only Tesla has that scale, but the automaker did not respond to a request for comment.
Coakley said CelLink's new $125 million factory under construction in Texas will have 25 automated production lines which will be able switch different designs in around 10 minutes because the components are produced from digital files.
The company is working on EVs with a number of automakers and looking at building another plant in Europe, he said.
While the lead time for changing a conventional wire harness can be up to 26 weeks, Coakley said his company could ship redesigned products in two weeks.
That kind speed is what legacy automakers are looking for as they go electric, said Dan Ratliff, a principal at Detroit-based venture capital firm Fontinalis Partners, which was founded by Ford F.N Chairman Bill Ford and has invested in CelLink.
For decades, the industry has not needed to move fast to rethink a part like the wire harness, but Tesla has changed that, Ratliff added. "On the EV side, it's just go, go, go."
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